Biomarkers for Cancer: A Detail Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/fujcV11I1P30-59Keywords:
Biomarker, detection, genes, hormones, DNAzymeAbstract
When aberrant cells multiply uncontrolled, transcend their normal borders, invade nearby tissues, or spread to other organs, a wide spectrum of illnesses collectively referred to as "cancer" can arise in practically every organ or tissue of the body. The second-leading cause of death globally in 2018, cancer was expected to be responsible for 9.6 million deaths, or one in every six fatalities. A cancer biomarker is a characteristic that can be used to gauge a patient's likelihood of developing cancer or its outcome. Various biomarkers can be used at molecular and cellular level. It is crucial that biomarkers undergo thorough review, including analytical validation, clinical validation, and appraisal of clinical value, prior to being included into normal clinical treatment because of the crucial role they play at all stages of disease. We discuss important steps in the creation of biomarkers in this review, including how to prevent introducing bias and standards to adhere to when presenting the findings of biomarker research.
References
Jafarzadeh L, Khakpoor-Koosheh M, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei H. Biomarkers for predicting the outcome of various cancer immunotherapies. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2021;157:103161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103161
Ames B, Gold L, Willett W. The causes and prevention of cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1995;92(12):5258-5265. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.12.5258
Sharma GN, Dave R, Sanadya J, Sharma P, Sharma K. Various types and management of breast cancer: an overview. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research 2010;1(2):109.
Yang L, Yang Z, Zuo C, Lv X, Liu T, Jia C, Chen H. Epidemiological evidence for associations between variants in CHRNA genes and risk of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Frontiers in Oncology 2022;12:1001864. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.1001864
Quinn M, Babb P. Patterns and trends in prostate cancer incidence, survival, prevalence and mortality. Part I: international comparisons. BJU International 2002;90(2):162-173. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.2822.x
Kumar S, Mohan A, Guleria R. Biomarkers in cancer screening, research and detection: present and future: a review. Biomarkers 2006;11(5):385-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547500600775011
Sarhadi V, Armengol G. Molecular Biomarkers in Cancer. Biomolecules 2022;12(8):1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081021
Schienda J, Church A, Corson L, Decker B, Clinton C, Manning D, Imamovic-Tuco A, Reidy D, Strand G, Applebaum M, Bagatell R, DuBois S, Glade-Bender J, Kang W, Kim A, Laetsch T, Macy M, Maese L, Pinto N, Sabnis A, Schiffman J, Colace S, Volchenboum S, Weiser D, Nowak J, Lindeman N, Janeway K, Crompton B, Kamihara J. Germline Sequencing Improves Tumor-Only Sequencing Interpretation in a Precision Genomic Study of Patients With Pediatric Solid Tumor. JCO Precision Oncology 2021;(5):1840-1852. https://doi.org/10.1200/po.21.00281
van Buuren MM, Velds A, Behjati S, van Rooij N, Paschen A, Stratton M, Kesmir C, Schumacher TN. Large scale immunoediting is not a hallmark of human melanoma. Analysis of the neo-antigen specific T cell response. 2016:125.
Verma M, Wright Jr GL, Hanash SM, Gopal‐Srivastava RA, Srivastava S. Proteomic Approaches within the NCI Early Detection Research Network for the Discovery and Identification of Cancer Biomarkers. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006;945(1):103-115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03870.x
Takahashi I, Hama Y, Matsushima M, Hirotani M, Kano T, Hohzen H, Yabe I, Utsumi J, Sasaki H. Identification of plasma microRNAs as a biomarker of sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Molecular Brain 2015;8(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13041-015-0161-7
Bailey L, Stover P, McNulty H, Fenech M, Gregory J, Mills J, Pfeiffer C, Fazili Z, Zhang M, Ueland P, Molloy A, Caudill M, Shane B, Berry R, Bailey R, Hausman D, Raghavan R, Raiten D. Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development—Folate Review. The Journal of Nutrition 2015;145(7):1636S-1680S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.206599
Le D, Durham J, Smith K, Wang H, Bartlett B, Aulakh L, Lu S, Kemberling H, Wilt C, Luber B, Wong F, Azad N, Rucki A, Laheru D, Donehower R, Zaheer A, Fisher G, Crocenzi T, Lee J, Greten T, Duffy A, Ciombor K, Eyring A, Lam B, Joe A, Kang S, Holdhoff M, Danilova L, Cope L, Meyer C, Zhou S, Goldberg R, Armstrong D, Bever K, Fader A, Taube J, Housseau F, Spetzler D, Xiao N, Pardoll D, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler K, Eshleman J, Vogelstein B, Anders R, Diaz L. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Science 2017;357(6349):409-413. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan6733
Silberman RF. Steiner D, Lo A, Gomez A, Zehnder J, Chu G, Suarez C. Complete and Prolonged Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in POLE-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. JCO Precision Oncology 2019;(3):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1200/po.18.00214
Drilon A, Laetsch T, Kummar S, DuBois S, Lassen U, Demetri G, Nathenson M, Doebele R, Farago A, Pappo A, Turpin B, Dowlati A, Brose M, Mascarenhas L, Federman N, Berlin J, El-Deiry W, Baik C, Deeken J, Boni V, Nagasubramanian R, Taylor M, Rudzinski E, Meric-Bernstam F, Sohal D, Ma P, Raez L, Hechtman J, Benayed R, Ladanyi M, Tuch B, Ebata K, Cruickshank S, Ku N, Cox M, Hawkins D, Hong D, Hyman D. Efficacy of Larotrectinib in TRK Fusion–Positive Cancers in Adults and Children. New England Journal of Medicine 2018;378(8):731-739. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1714448
Farago A, Le L, Zheng Z, Muzikansky A, Drilon A, Patel M, Bauer T, Liu S, Ou S, Jackman D, Costa D, Multani P, Li G, Hornby Z, Chow-Maneval E, Luo D, Lim J, Iafrate A, Shaw A. Durable Clinical Response to Entrectinib in NTRK1-Rearranged Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology 2015;10(12):1670-1674. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jto.0000473485.38553.f0
Adeniran A, Chhieng D. Common Diagnostic Pitfalls in Thyroid Cytopathology. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31602-4
Xu K, Ernst M, Goldman D. Imaging Genomics Applied to Anxiety, Stress Response, and Resiliency. Neuroinformatics 2006;4(1):51-64. https://doi.org/10.1385/ni:4:1:51
Ludwig J, Weinstein J. Biomarkers in Cancer Staging, Prognosis and Treatment Selection. Nature Reviews Cancer 2005;5(11):845-856. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1739
Tullo A, D’Erchia A, Sbisà E. Methods for screening tumors for p53 status and therapeutic exploitation. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 2003;3(3):289-301. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737159.3.3.289
Sawyers C. The cancer biomarker problem. Nature 2008;452(7187):548-552. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06913
Mishra A, Verma M. Cancer Biomarkers: Are We Ready for the Prime Time?. Cancers 2010;2(1):190-208. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2010190
Verma M. Biomarkers for Risk Assessment in Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer. Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 2004;3(5):505-514. https://doi.org/10.1177/153303460400300512
Gupta S, Kumar P, Kaur H, Sharma N, Saluja D, Bharti A, Das B. Selective participation of c-Jun with Fra-2/c-Fos promotes aggressive tumor phenotypes and poor prognosis in tongue cancer. Scientific Reports 2015;5(1):16811. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16811
Roses R, Paulson E, Sharma A, Schueller J, Nisenbaum H, Weinstein S, Fox K, Zhang P, Czerniecki B. HER-2/neu Overexpression as a Predictor for the Transition from in situ to Invasive Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2009;18(5):1386-1389. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1101
Sharma S, Bell D, Settleman J, Haber D. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer 2007;7(3):169-181. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2088
Bai H, Lee A, Yang L, Zhang P, Davatzikos C, Maris J, Diskin S. Imaging genomics in cancer research: limitations and promises. The British Journal of Radiology 2016;89(1061):20151030. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20151030
Obermeyer Z, Emanuel E. Predicting the Future — Big Data, Machine Learning, and Clinical Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375(13):1216-1219. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1606181
Shen L, Kim S, Risacher S, Nho K, Swaminathan S, West J, Foroud T, Pankratz N, Moore J, Sloan C, Huentelman M, Craig D, DeChairo B, Potkin S, Jack C, Weiner M, Saykin A. Whole genome association study of brain-wide imaging phenotypes for identifying quantitative trait loci in MCI and AD: A study of the ADNI cohort. NeuroImage 2010;53(3):1051-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.042
Mazurowski M. Radiogenomics: What It Is and Why It Is Important. Journal of the American College of Radiology 2015;12(8):862-866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2015.04.019
Higdon R, Haynes W, Stanberry L, Stewart E, Yandl G, Howard C, Broomall W, Kolker N, Kolker E. Unraveling the Complexities of Life Sciences Data. Big Data 2013;1(1):42-50. https://doi.org/10.1089/big.2012.1505
Bradley R, Braybrooke J, Gray R, Hills R, Liu Z, Peto R, Davies L, Dodwell D, McGale P, Pan H, Taylor C, Anderson S, Gelber R, Gianni L, Jacot W, Joensuu H, Moreno-Aspitia A, Piccart M, Press M, Romond E, Slamon D, Suman V, Berry R, Boddington C, Clarke M, Davies C, Duane F, Evans V, Gay J, Gettins L, Godwin J, James S, Liu H, MacKinnon E, Mannu G, McHugh T, Morris P, Read S, Straiton E, Wang Y, Crown J, de Azambuja E, Delaloge S, Fung H, Geyer C, Spielmann M, Valagussa P, Albain K, Anderson S, Arriagada R, Bartlett J, Bergsten-Nordström E, Bliss J, Brain E, Carey L, Coleman R, Cuzick J, Davidson N, Del Mastro L, Di Leo A, Dignam J, Dowsett M, Ejlertsen B, Francis P, Gnant M, Goetz M, Goodwin P, Halpin-Murphy P, Hayes D, Hill C, Jagsi R, Janni W, Loibl S, Mamounas E, Martín M, Mukai H, Nekljudova V, Norton L, Ohashi Y, Pierce L, Poortmans P, Raina V, Rea D, Regan M, Robertson J, Rutgers E, Spanic T, Sparano J, Steger G, Tang G, Toi M, Tutt A, Viale G, Wang X, Whelan T, Wilcken N, Wolmark N, Cameron D, Bergh J, Pritchard K, Swain S. Trastuzumab for early-stage, HER2-positive breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 13 864 women in seven randomised trials. The Lancet Oncology 2021;22(8):1139-1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00288-6
Wolff A, Hammond M, Allison K, Harvey B, Mangu P, Bartlett J, Bilous M, Ellis I, Fitzgibbons P, Hanna W, Jenkins R, Press M, Spears P, Vance G, Viale G, McShane L, Dowsett M. Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 Testing in Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists Clinical Practice Guideline Focused Update. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 2018;142(11):1364-1382. https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0902-sa
Zhang H, Katerji H, Turner B, Hicks D. HER2-Low Breast Cancers. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 2021;157(3):328-336. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqab117
Modi S, Jacot W, Yamashita T, Sohn J, Vidal M, Tokunaga E, Tsurutani J, Ueno N, Prat A, Chae Y, Lee K, Niikura N, Park Y, Xu B, Wang X, Gil-Gil M, Li W, Pierga J, Im S, Moore H, Rugo H, Yerushalmi R, Zagouri F, Gombos A, Kim S, Liu Q, Luo T, Saura C, Schmid P, Sun T, Gambhire D, Yung L, Wang Y, Singh J, Vitazka P, Meinhardt G, Harbeck N, Cameron D. Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Previously Treated HER2-Low Advanced Breast Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 2022;387(1):9-20. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2203690
Baez-Navarro X, Salgado R, Denkert C, Lennerz J, Penault-Llorca F, Viale G, Bartlett J, van Deurzen C. Selecting patients with HER2-low breast cancer: Getting out of the tangle. European Journal of Cancer 2022;175:187-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2022.08.022
Kaneuchi M, Sasaki M, Tanaka Y, Shiina H, Verma M, Ebina Y, Nomura E, Yamamoto R, Sakuragi N, Dahiya R. Expression and methylation status of 14-3-3 sigma gene can characterize the different histological features of ovarian cancer. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2004;316(4):1156-1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.171
Velculescu V, Zhang L, Vogelstein B, Kinzler K. Serial Analysis of Gene Expression. Science 1995;270(5235):484-487. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5235.484
Bartels C, Tsongalis G. MicroRNAs: Novel Biomarkers for Human Cancer. Clinical Chemistry 2009;55(4):623-631. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.112805
Calin G, Croce C. MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nature Reviews Cancer 2006;6(11):857-866. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1997
Lu J, Getz G, Miska E, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert B, Mak R, Ferrando A, Downing J, Jacks T, Horvitz H, Golub T. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 2005;435(7043):834-838. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03702
Srivastava S, Verma M, Gopal-Srivastava R. Proteomic Maps of the Cancer-Associated Infectious Agents. Journal of Proteome Research 2005;4(4):1171-1180. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr050017m
Everley P, Krijgsveld J, Zetter B, Gygi S. Quantitative Cancer Proteomics: Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) as a Tool for Prostate Cancer Research. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 2004;3(7):729-735. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.m400021-mcp200
Grizzle W, Adam B, Bigbee W, Conrads T, Carroll C, Feng Z, Izbicka E, Jendoubi M, Johnsey D, Kagan J, Leach R, McCarthy D, Semmes O, Srivastava S, Srivastava S, Thompson I, Thornquist M, Verma M, Zhang Z, Zou Z. Serum Protein Expression Profiling for Cancer Detection: Validation of a SELDI-Based Approach for Prostate Cancer. Disease Markers 2004;19(4-5):185-195. https://doi.org/10.1155/2004/546293
Srinivas PR, Verma M, Zhao Y, Srivastava S. Proteomics for cancer biomarker discovery. Clinical chemistry 2002;48(8):1160-9.
Abbott K, Nairn A, Hall E, Horton M, McDonald J, Moremen K, Dinulescu D, Pierce M. Focused glycomic analysis of the N-linked glycan biosynthetic pathway in ovarian cancer. Proteomics 2008;8(16):3210-3220. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200800157
Orntoft T, Vestergaard E. Clinical aspects of altered glycosylation of glycoproteins in cancer. Electrophoresis 1999;20(2):362-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990201)20:2<362::aid-elps362>3.0.co;2-v
Saldova R, Wormald M, Dwek R, Rudd P. Glycosylation Changes on Serum Glycoproteins in Ovarian Cancer May Contribute to Disease Pathogenesis. Disease Markers 2008;25(4-5):219-232. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/601583
Misonou Y, Shida K, Korekane H, Seki Y, Noura S, Ohue M, Miyamoto Y. Comprehensive Clinico-Glycomic Study of 16 Colorectal Cancer Specimens: Elucidation of Aberrant Glycosylation and Its Mechanistic Causes in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Journal of Proteome Research 2009;8(6):2990-3005. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr900092r
Powlesland A, Hitchen P, Parry S, Graham S, Barrio M, Elola M, Mordoh J, Dell A, Drickamer K, Taylor M. Targeted glycoproteomic identification of cancer cell glycosylation. Glycobiology 2009;19(8):899-909. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwp065
Dube D, Bertozzi C. Glycans in cancer and inflammation — potential for therapeutics and diagnostics. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2005;4(6):477-488. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1751
McLaughlin-Drubin M, Munger K. Viruses associated with human cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 2008;1782(3):127-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.12.005
Boxus M, Willems L. Mechanisms of HTLV-1 persistence and transformation. British Journal of Cancer 2009;101(9):1497-1501. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605345
Yin M, Hu Z, Tan D, Ajani JA, Wei Q. Molecular epidemiology of genetic susceptibility to gastric cancer: focus on single nucleotide polymorphisms in gastric carcinogenesis. American journal of translational research 2009;1(1):44.
Suerbaum S, Michetti P. Helicobacter pylori Infection. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347(15):1175-1186. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra020542
Moriyama E, Zheng G, Wilson B. Optical Molecular Imaging: From Single Cell to Patient. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2008;84(2):267-271. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2008.58
Fujiwara K, Yuwanita I, Hollern D, Andrechek E. Prediction and Genetic Demonstration of a Role for Activator E2Fs in Myc-Induced Tumors. Cancer Research 2011;71(5):1924-1932. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2386
Buccheri G, Ferrigno D. Lung tumour markers in oncology practice: a study of TPA and CA125. British Journal of Cancer 2002;87(10):1112-1118. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600577
zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses and cancer: from basic studies to clinical application. Nature Reviews Cancer 2002;2(5):342-350. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc798
Ishimi Y, Okayasu I, Kato C, Kwon H, Kimura H, Yamada K, Song S. Enhanced expression of Mcm proteins in cancer cells derived from uterine cervix. European Journal of Biochemistry 2003;270(6):1089-1101. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03440.x
Zhang X, Shen D. p16INK4a and Ki-67 measurement predict progression of cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology 2018;11(8):4109.
Harris L, Fritsche H, Mennel R, Norton L, Ravdin P, Taube S, Somerfield M, Hayes D, Bast R. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 Update of Recommendations for the Use of Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007;25(33):5287-5312. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.14.2364
Iorio M, Ferracin M, Liu C, Veronese A, Spizzo R, Sabbioni S, Magri E, Pedriali M, Fabbri M, Campiglio M, Ménard S, Palazzo J, Rosenberg A, Musiani P, Volinia S, Nenci I, Calin G, Querzoli P, Negrini M, Croce C. MicroRNA Gene Expression Deregulation in Human Breast Cancer. Cancer Research 2005;65(16):7065-7070. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1783
Troppan K, Deutsch A, Gerger A, Stojakovic T, Beham-Schmid C, Wenzl K, Neumeister P, Pichler M. The derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is an independent prognostic factor in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. British Journal of Cancer 2013;110(2):369-374. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.763
Liu M, Xing L. Basic fibroblast growth factor as a potential biomarker for diagnosing malignant tumor metastasis in women. Oncology Letters 2017;14(2):1561-1567. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6335
Fürstenberger G, Senn H. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. The Lancet Oncology 2002;3(5):298-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(02)00731-3
Yu H. Role of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Family in Cancer Development and Progression. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2000;92(18):1472-1489. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.18.1472
Vano Y, Oudard S, By M, Têtu P, Thibault C, Aboudagga H, Scotté F, Elaidi R. Optimal cut-off for neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: Fact or Fantasy? A prospective cohort study in metastatic cancer patients. PloS one 2018;13(4):e0195042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195042
Liu M, Xing L. Basic fibroblast growth factor as a potential biomarker for diagnosing malignant tumor metastasis in women. Oncology Letters 2017;14(2):1561-1567. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6335
Torrente-Rodríguez R, Ruiz-Valdepeñas Montiel V, Campuzano S, Pedrero M, Farchado M, Vargas E, Manuel de Villena F, Garranzo-Asensio M, Barderas R, Pingarrón J. Electrochemical sensor for rapid determination of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 in raw cancer cell lysates. PloS one 2017;12(4):e0175056. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175056
Denduluri S, Idowu O, Wang Z, Liao Z, Yan Z, Mohammed M, Ye J, Wei Q, Wang J, Zhao L, Luu H. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in tumorigenesis and the development of cancer drug resistance. Genes & Diseases 2015;2(1):13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2014.10.004
Nyman M. Expression and role of decorin in human epithelial cancers. University of Turku 2019:84. https://www.utupub.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/147040/AnnalesD1424Nyman.pdf
Denduluri S, Idowu O, Wang Z, Liao Z, Yan Z, Mohammed M, Ye J, Wei Q, Wang J, Zhao L, Luu H. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling in tumorigenesis and the development of cancer drug resistance. Genes & Diseases 2015;2(1):13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2014.10.004
Nguyen B, Cusumano P, Deck K, Kerlin D, Garcia A, Barone J, Rivera E, Yao K, de Snoo F, van den Akker J, Stork-Sloots L, Generali D. Comparison of Molecular Subtyping with BluePrint, MammaPrint, and TargetPrint to Local Clinical Subtyping in Breast Cancer Patients. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2012;19(10):3257-3263. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2561-6
Arya S, Estrela P. Recent Advances in Enhancement Strategies for Electrochemical ELISA-Based Immunoassays for Cancer Biomarker Detection. Sensors 2018;18(7):2010. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072010
Vickers N. Animal Communication: When I’m Calling You, Will You Answer Too?. Current Biology 2017;27(14):R713-R715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.064
Wang X, Shi Z, Lu H, Kim J, Bu W, Villalobos J, Perera D, Jung S, Wang T, Grimm S, Taylor B, Rajapakshe K, Park H, Wulfkuhle J, Young N, Li Y, Coarfa C, Edwards D, Huang S. High-throughput profiling of histone post-translational modifications and chromatin modifying proteins by reverse phase protein array. Journal of Proteomics 2022;262:104596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104596
Ali M, Bacchu M, Al-Mamun M, Hossain M, Khaleque A, Khatun A, Ridoy D, Aly M, Khan M. Recent Advanced in MXene Research toward Biosensor Development. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2022:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2022.2115286
Jou A, Lu C, Ou Y, Wang S, Hsu S, Willner I, Ho J. Diagnosing the miR-141 prostate cancer biomarker using nucleic acid-functionalized CdSe/ZnS QDs and telomerase. Chemical Science 2015;6(1):659-665. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4sc02104e
Li C, He W, Wang N, Xi Z, Deng R, Liu X, Kang R, Xie L, Liu X. Application of Microfluidics in Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2022;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.907232
Malhotra R, Patel V, Chikkaveeraiah B, Munge B, Cheong S, Zain R, Abraham M, Dey D, Gutkind J, Rusling J. Ultrasensitive Detection of Cancer Biomarkers in the Clinic by Use of a Nanostructured Microfluidic Array. Analytical Chemistry 2012;84(14):6249-6255. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac301392g
Wu Z, Bai Y, Cheng Z, Liu F, Wang P, Yang D, Li G, Jin Q, Mao H, Zhao J. Absolute quantification of DNA methylation using microfluidic chip-based digital PCR. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2017;96:339-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2017.05.021
Kwong G, Ghosh S, Gamboa L, Patriotis C, Srivastava S, Bhatia S. Synthetic biomarkers: a twenty-first century path to early cancer detection. Nature Reviews Cancer 2021;21(10):655-668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-021-00389-3
Sarhadi V, Armengol G. Molecular Biomarkers in Cancer. Biomolecules 2022;12(8):1021. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081021
Goossens N, Sun X, Hoshida Y. Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma: potential therapeutic implications. Hepatic Oncology 2015;2(4):371-379. https://doi.org/10.2217/hep.15.26
Gion M, Trevisiol C, Fabricio A. State of the art and trends of circulating cancer biomarkers. The International Journal of Biological Markers 2020;35(1):12-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1724600819900512
Trusheim M, Berndt E, Douglas F. Stratified medicine: strategic and economic implications of combining drugs and clinical biomarkers. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2007;6(4):287-293. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2251
Trusheim M, Berndt E, Douglas F. Stratified medicine: strategic and economic implications of combining drugs and clinical biomarkers. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2007;6(4):287-293. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2251
Buchner A, Blonski W, Lichtenstein G. Update on the Management of Crohn’s Disease. Current Gastroenterology Reports 2011;13(5):465-474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-011-0220-x
Cottone M, Orlando A, Renna S. Investigational agents for Crohn's disease. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 2010;19(10):1147-1159. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2010.510513
Gallo V, Egger M, McCormack V, Farmer P, Ioannidis J, Kirsch-Volders M, Matullo G, Phillips D, Schoket B, Stromberg U, Vermeulen R, Wild C, Porta M, Vineis P. STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology - Molecular Epidemiology (STROBE-ME): An extension of the STROBE statement. Mutagenesis 2011;27(1):17-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/ger039
Donida Labati R, Genovese A, Muñoz E, Piuri V, Scotti F, Sforza G. Computational Intelligence for Biometric Applications: a Survey. International Journal of Computing 2016:40-49. https://doi.org/10.47839/ijc.15.1.829
Martinez-Ledesma E, Verhaak R, Treviño V. Identification of a multi-cancer gene expression biomarker for cancer clinical outcomes using a network-based algorithm. Scientific Reports 2015;5(1):1-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11966
Parker J, Mullins M, Cheang M, Leung S, Voduc D, Vickery T, Davies S, Fauron C, He X, Hu Z, Quackenbush J, Stijleman I, Palazzo J, Marron J, Nobel A, Mardis E, Nielsen T, Ellis M, Perou C, Bernard P. Supervised Risk Predictor of Breast Cancer Based on Intrinsic Subtypes. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2009;27(8):1160-1167. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2008.18.1370
Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2012;490(7418):61-70. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11412
Cuzick J, Swanson G, Fisher G, Brothman A, Berney D, Reid J, Mesher D, Speights V, Stankiewicz E, Foster C, Møller H, Scardino P, Warren J, Park J, Younus A, Flake D, Wagner S, Gutin A, Lanchbury J, Stone S. Prognostic value of an RNA expression signature derived from cell cycle proliferation genes in patients with prostate cancer: a retrospective study. The Lancet Oncology 2011;12(3):245-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(10)70295-3
An X, Sarmiento C, Tan T, Zhu H. Regulation of multidrug resistance by microRNAs in anti-cancer therapy. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2017;7(1):38-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.002
He L, Thomson J, Hemann M, Hernando-Monge E, Mu D, Goodson S, Powers S, Cordon-Cardo C, Lowe S, Hannon G, Hammond S. A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature 2005;435(7043):828-833. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03552
Schlick K, Kiem D, Greil R. Recent Advances in Pancreatic Cancer: Novel Prognostic Biomarkers and Targeted Therapy—A Review of the Literature. Biomolecules 2021;11(10):1469. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101469
Mei Y, Clark D, Mao L. Novel dimensions of piRNAs in cancer. Cancer Letters 2013;336(1):46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.008
Kuang Z, Wilson J, Luo S, Zhu S, Huang R. Deciphering Asthma Biomarkers with Protein Profiling Technology. International Journal of Inflammation 2015;2015:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/630637
Downes K, Marcovecchio M, Clarke P, Cooper J, Ferreira R, Howson J, Jolley J, Nutland S, Stevens H, Walker N, Wallace C, Dunger D, Todd J. Plasma concentrations of soluble IL-2 receptor α (CD25) are increased in type 1 diabetes and associated with reduced C-peptide levels in young patients. Diabetologia 2013;57(2):366-372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-3113-8
Lebedev M, Krizhanova M, Vilkov S, Sholkina M, Vyasmina E, Baryshnikov A, Novikov V. Peripheral blood lymphocytes immunophenotype and serum concentration of soluble HLA class I in burn patients. Burns 2003;29(2):123-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-4179(02)00245-0
Lebedev M, Egorova N, Sholkina M, Vilkov S, Baryshnikov A, Novikov V. Serum levels of different forms of soluble CD38 antigen in burned patients. Burns 2004;30(6):552-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2004.01.029
Valenta R, Lidholm J, Niederberger V, Hayek B, Kraft D, Grönlund H. The recombinant allergen-based concept of component-resolved diagnostics and immunotherapy (CRD and CRIT). Clinical & Experimental Allergy 1999;29(7):896-904. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00653.x
Hiller R, Laffer S, Harwanegg C, Huber M, Schmidt W, Twardosz A, Barletta B, Becker W, Blaser K, Breiteneder H, Chapman M, Crameri R, Duchêne M, Ferreira F, Fiebig H, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, King T, Kleber-Janke T, Kurup V, Lehrer S, Lidholm J, Müller U, Pini C, Reese G, Scheiner O, Scheynius A, Shen H, Spitzauer S, Suck R, Swoboda I, Thomas W, Tinghino R, Van Hage-Hamsten M, Virtanen T, Kraft D, Müller M, Valenta R. Microarrayed allergen molecules: diagnostic gatekeepers for allergy treatment. The FASEB Journal 2002;16(3):414-416. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.01-0711fje
Tscheppe A, Breiteneder H. Recombinant Allergens in Structural Biology, Diagnosis, and Immunotherapy. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 2017;172(4):187-202. https://doi.org/10.1159/000464104
Vickers N. Animal Communication: When I’m Calling You, Will You Answer Too?. Current Biology 2017;27(14):R713-R715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.064
van Hage M, Hamsten C, Valenta R. ImmunoCAP assays: Pros and cons in allergology. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017;140(4):974-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.008
Niespodziana K, Cabauatan C, Jackson D, Gallerano D, Trujillo-Torralbo B, del Rosario A, Mallia P, Valenta R, Johnston S. Rhinovirus-induced VP1-specific Antibodies are Group-specific and Associated With Severity of Respiratory Symptoms. EBioMedicine 2015;2(1):64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.11.012
Valenta R. Mucosal Lining Fluid Biomarkers in Asthma: Basis for Rational Use of New Targeted Therapies? BioMedicine 2017;19:12-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.016
Holmdahl I, Filiou A, Stenberg Hammar K, Asarnoj A, Borres M, van Hage M, Hedlin G, Söderhäll C, Konradsen J. Early Life Wheeze and Risk Factors for Asthma—A Revisit at Age 7 in the GEWAC-Cohort. Children 2021;8(6):488. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8060488
Valenta R. Mucosal Lining Fluid Biomarkers in Asthma: Basis for Rational Use of New Targeted Therapies? BioMedicine 2017;19:12-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.016
Blumberg B. A "New" Antigen in Leukemia Sera. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 1965;191(7):541. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1965.03080070025007
Schödel F, Moriarty A, Peterson D, Zheng J, Hughes J, Will H, Leturcq D, McGee J, Milich D. The position of heterologous epitopes inserted in hepatitis B virus core particles determines their immunogenicity. Journal of Virology 1992;66(1):106-114. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.66.1.106-114.1992
Shinkai N, Matsuura K, Sugauchi F, Watanabe T, Murakami S, Iio E, Ogawa S, Nojiri S, Joh T, Tanaka Y. Application of a Newly Developed High-Sensitivity HBsAg Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay for Hepatitis B Patients with HBsAg Seroclearance. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2013;51(11):3484-3491. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00726-13
Hadziyannis E, Laras A. Viral Biomarkers in Chronic HBeAg Negative HBV Infection. Genes 2018;9(10):469. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9100469
Hadziyannis E, Laras A. Viral Biomarkers in Chronic HBeAg Negative HBV Infection. Genes 2018;9(10):469. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9100469
van Helden J, Cornely C, Dati F, Levy H, Bal T, Seeger M, Wright T, Baker L. Performance evaluation of the ADVIA Centaur® anti-HBe and HBeAg assays. Journal of Clinical Virology 2008;43(2):169-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2008.05.008
Hadziyannis E, Laras A. Viral Biomarkers in Chronic HBeAg Negative HBV Infection. Genes 2018;9(10):469. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9100469
Choi S, Park Y, Lee E, Kim S, Kim H. Performance Evaluation of LUMIPULSE G1200 Autoimmunoanalyzer for the Detection of Serum Hepatitis B Virus Markers. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 2013;27(3):204-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21584
Wan-zhou X, Yan L, Qing W, Ming W, Ze-gang W. Brief Communication: Comparison the Diagnostic Performance of Four HBsAg ELISA Kits. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 2013;27(4):294-296. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.21600
Xu L, Yu Z, Fan W, Wang X, Xie M, Xu Y, Hu L, Li Y. Negative Interference in Serum HBsAg ELISA from Rheumatoid Factors. PLoS ONE 2013;8(11):e80620. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080620
Xu W, Li Y, Wang M, Gu J. Comparison of two immunoassays for determining hepatitis B virus serum markers. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2012;50(1):153-157. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.2011.721
Hadziyannis E, Laras A. Viral Biomarkers in Chronic HBeAg Negative HBV Infection. Genes 2018;9(10):469. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9100469
Laali K, Greves W, Correa-Smits S, Zwarycz A, Bunge S, Borosky G, Manna A, Paulus A, Chanan-Khan A. Novel fluorinated curcuminoids and their pyrazole and isoxazole derivatives: Synthesis, structural studies, Computational/Docking and in-vitro bioassay. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 2018;206:82-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.11.013
Wang C, Tseng C, Hsiao C, Chang H, Chang L, Fang W, Leu S, Wang Y, Tsai T, Yang C, Chen C, Yip H, Ho C, Lin M. Circulating Endothelial-Derived Activated Microparticle: A Useful Biomarker for Predicting One-Year Mortality in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. BioMed Research International 2014;2014:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/173401
Taguchi A, Hanash S, Rundle A, McKeague I, Tang D, Darakjy S, Gaziano J, Sesso H, Perera F. Circulating Pro-Surfactant Protein B as a Risk Biomarker for Lung Cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2013;22(10):1756-1761. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0251
Schönung M, Meyer J, Nöllke P, Olshen A, Hartmann M, Murakami N, Wakamatsu M, Okuno Y, Plass C, Loh M, Niemeyer C, Muramatsu H, Flotho C, Stieglitz E, Lipka D. International Consensus Definition of DNA Methylation Subgroups in Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia. Clinical Cancer Research 2021;27(1):158-168. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3184
Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun R, Brennan M, Blumgart L. Clinical Score for Predicting Recurrence After Hepatic Resection for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Annals of Surgery 1999;230(3):309. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199909000-00004
Mao C, Hughes J, Kiviat N, Kuypers J, Lee S, Adam D, Koutsky L. Clinical findings among young women with genital human papillomavirus infection. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003;188(3):677-684. https://doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.164
Dewar M, Hall K, Perchalski J. Cervical cancer screening. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 1992;19(3):589-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00940-4
McConnell E, Cozma I, Mou Q, Brennan J, Lu Y, Li Y. Biosensing with DNAzymes. Chemical Society Reviews 2021;50(16):8954-8994. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cs00240f
Huo W, Li X, Wang B, Zhang H, Zhang J, Yang X, Jin Y. Recent advances of DNAzyme-based nanotherapeutic platform in cancer gene therapy. Biophysics Reports 2020;6(6):256-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41048-020-00123-w
Zhang L, Bao Z, Xia S, Lu Q, Walters K. Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass and Polymer Wastes. Catalysts 2018;8(12):659. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8120659
Khan S, Burciu B, Filipe C, Li Y, Dellinger K, Didar T. DNAzyme-Based Biosensors: Immobilization Strategies, Applications, and Future Prospective. ACS Nano 2021;15(9):13943-13969. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c04327
Thomas I, Gaminda K, Jayasinghe C, Abeysinghe D, Senthilnithy R. DNAzymes, Novel Therapeutic Agents in Cancer Therapy: A Review of Concepts to Applications. Journal of Nucleic Acids 2021;2021:1-21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9365081
Gong L, Zhao Z, Lv Y, Huan S, Fu T, Zhang X, Shen G, Yu R. DNAzyme-based biosensors and nanodevices. Chemical Communications 2015;51(6):979-995. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc06855f
Gong L, Zhao Z, Lv Y, Huan S, Fu T, Zhang X, Shen G, Yu R. DNAzyme-based biosensors and nanodevices. Chemical Communications 2015;51(6):979-995. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc06855f
Darmostuk M, Rimpelova S, Gbelcova H, Ruml T. Current approaches in SELEX: An update to aptamer selection technology. Biotechnology Advances 2015;33(6):1141-1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.008
Sefah K, Phillips J, Xiong X, Meng L, Van Simaeys D, Chen H, Martin J, Tan W. Nucleic acid aptamers for biosensors and bio-analytical applications. The Analyst 2009;134(9):1765. https://doi.org/10.1039/b905609m
Wang Q, Liu W, Xing Y, Yang X, Wang K, Jiang R, Wang P, Zhao Q. Screening of DNA Aptamers against Myoglobin Using a Positive and Negative Selection Units Integrated Microfluidic Chip and Its Biosensing Application. Analytical Chemistry 2014;86(13):6572-6579. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac501088q
Gökçe G, Ben Aissa S, Nemčeková K, Catanante G, Raouafi N, Marty J. Aptamer-modified pencil graphite electrodes for the impedimetric determination of ochratoxin A. Food Control 2020;115:107271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107271
Ghasemi Z, Dinarvand R, Mottaghitalab F, Esfandyari-Manesh M, Sayari E, Atyabi F. Aptamer decorated hyaluronan/chitosan nanoparticles for targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil to MUC1 overexpressing adenocarcinomas. Carbohydrate Polymers 2015;121:190-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.025
Mokhtarzadeh A, Ezzati Nazhad Dolatabadi J, Abnous K, de la Guardia M, Ramezani M. Nanomaterial-based cocaine aptasensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2015;68:95-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2014.12.052
Yan S, Foroughi M, Safaei M, Jahani S, Ebrahimpour N, Borhani F, Rezaei Zade Baravati N, Aramesh-Boroujeni Z, Foong L. A review: Recent advances in ultrasensitive and highly specific recognition aptasensors with various detection strategies. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2020;155:184-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.173
Hassan E, DeRosa M. Recent advances in cancer early detection and diagnosis: Role of nucleic acid based aptasensors. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 2020;124:115806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2020.115806
Kazemi Asl S, Rahimzadegan M. Recent Advances in the Fabrication of Nano-aptasensors for the Detection of Troponin as a Main Biomarker of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2021;53(3):594-613. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2021.1967721
Ma X, Ding W, Wang C, Wu H, Tian X, Lyu M, Wang S. DNAzyme biosensors for the detection of pathogenic bacteria. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2021;331:129422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.129422
Mahmudunnabi R, Farhana F, Kashaninejad N, Firoz S, Shim Y, Shiddiky M. Nanozyme-based electrochemical biosensors for disease biomarker detection. The Analyst 2020;145(13):4398-4420. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0an00558d
Wang G, Li X, Zasloff M. A database view of naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides: nomenclature, classification and amino acid sequence analysis. Antimicrobial peptides: discovery, design and novel therapeutic strategies 2010:1-21. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845936570.0001
Zhang Y, Mao A, Han L, Li X, Jia X, Li M, Li J. An Effective Nanoparticle-Biomaterial in Alleviating Diabetic Cataracts. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 2020;12(2):150-155. https://doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2020.3103
Li L, Chen Y, Zhu J. Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Analysis. Analytical Chemistry 2016;89(1):358-371. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04675
Grunnet M, Sorensen J. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as tumor marker in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2012;76(2):138-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.11.012
Obermeyer Z, Emanuel E. Predicting the Future — Big Data, Machine Learning, and Clinical Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 2016;375(13):1216-1219. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1606181
Le D, Durham J, Smith K, Wang H, Bartlett B, Aulakh L, Lu S, Kemberling H, Wilt C, Luber B, Wong F, Azad N, Rucki A, Laheru D, Donehower R, Zaheer A, Fisher G, Crocenzi T, Lee J, Greten T, Duffy A, Ciombor K, Eyring A, Lam B, Joe A, Kang S, Holdhoff M, Danilova L, Cope L, Meyer C, Zhou S, Goldberg R, Armstrong D, Bever K, Fader A, Taube J, Housseau F, Spetzler D, Xiao N, Pardoll D, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler K, Eshleman J, Vogelstein B, Anders R, Diaz L. Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade. Science 2017;357(6349):409-413. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan6733
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
